![]() ![]() Some companies like the United States Phonograph Company of Newark, New Jersey, supplied cylinder masters for smaller companies so that they could duplicate them, sometimes pantographically. This was employed by Edison and Columbia in 1898, and was used until about January 1902 (Columbia brown waxes after this were molded). When molding improved somewhat, molded cylinders were used as pantograph masters. Edison, Bettini, Leon Douglass and others solved this problem (partly) by mechanically linking a cutting stylus and a playback stylus together and copying the "hill-and-dale" grooves of the cylinder mechanically. Instead of copying a master cylinder, the other alternative was to record a performance to multiple gramophones simultaneously, over and over again, making each cylinder a master copy. In 1890, the only ways of manufacturing copies of a master cylinder were to mold the cylinders (which was slow and, early on, produced very poor copies), or to acoustically copy the sound by placing the horns of two phonographs together or to hook the two together with a rubber tube (one phonograph recording and the other playing the cylinder back). One advantage of phonograph and gramophone discs over cylinders in the 1890s-before electronic amplification was available-was that large numbers of discs could be stamped quickly and cheaply. ( July 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Īnother version is still very much in use to reduce the size of large relief designs for coins down to the required size of the coin. A three-dimensional pantograph can also be used to enlarge sculpture by interchanging the position of the model and the copy. Cheverton's machine was fitted with a rotating cutting bit to carve reduced versions of well-known sculptures. This device, now largely overtaken by computer guided router systems that scan a model and can produce it in a variety of materials and in any desired size, was invented by inventor and steam pioneer James Watt (1736–1819) and perfected by Benjamin Cheverton ( – ) in 1836. By adjusting the needles different enlargement or reduction ratios can be achieved. Sculptors use a three-dimensional version of the pantograph, usually a large boom connected to a fixed point at one end, bearing two rotating pointing needles at arbitrary points along this boom. ![]()
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